The Chemistry of Alchemy Page 33
16. Lawrence M. Principe, The Secrets of Alchemy (Synthesis) (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), Kindle ed., location 1293 of 6359.
17. “Keynes MS. 28,” as translated by Isaac Newton, in William R. Newman, “Chymistry of Isaac Newton,” Indiana University, June 2010, http://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/newton/ALCH00017 (accessed March 29, 2014).
18. Brian Cotnoir, The Weiser Concise Guide to Alchemy (Newburyport, MA: Weiser Books, 2006), Kindle ed., locations 1248–52 of 1913.
19. Partington, History of Chemistry, 2:426.
20. “Keynes MS. 28.”
21. Partington, History of Chemistry, 2:322.
CHAPTER 17. THE SOCIETY OF JESUS AND THE FRATERNITY OF THE ROSY CROSS
* C. H. Josten, “Robert Fludd's ‘Philosophicall Key’ and His Alchemical Experiment on Wheat,” AMBIX 1 (1963): 304.
1. Charles Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vols. 1–16 (Detroit: Charles Scribner, 2008), 5:47–49.
2. Florian Ebeling, The Secret History of Hermes Trismegistus: Hermeticism from Ancient to Modern Times, translated by David Lorton (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2011), p. 91.
3. Encyclopaedia Britannica, online academic edition, s.v. “Rosicrucian,” http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/510019/Rosicrucians (accessed August 18, 2013).
4. Gillispie, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 1:158–60.
5. O. P. Grell, “The Reception of Paracelsianism in Early Modem Lutheran Denmark: From Peter Severinus, the Dane, to Ole Worm,” Medical History 39 (1995): 92.
6. Gillispie, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 4:549.
7. Gillispie, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 9:23–24. (Note: the death date given in the beginning of article is 1662, however within the article it is stated he died four years after 1618.)
8. Josten, “Robert Fludd's ‘Philosophicall Key,’” p. 314.
9. Josten, “Robert Fludd's ‘Philosophicall Key,’” p. 311.
10. C. J. S. Thompson, Alchemy and Alchemists (New York: Dover, 2002), p. 210.
11. Gillispie, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 5:47.
12. Josten, “Robert Fludd's ‘Philosophicall Key,’” pp. 317–25.
13. Josten, “Robert Fludd's ‘Philosophicall Key.’”
14. Martha Baldwin, “Alchemy and the Society of Jesus in the Seventeenth Century: Strange Bedfellows,” AMBIX 40 (1993): 427–47.
15. Mark Muyskens and Ed Vitz, “The Fluorescence of Lignum Nephriticum: A Flash Back to the Past and a Simple Demonstration of Natural Substance Fluorescence,” Journal of Chemical Education 83 (2006): 765.
CHAPTER 18. GLAUBER'S SALT AND GLAUBER'S GOLD
* Eva V. Armstrong and Claude K. Deischer, “Johann Rudolf Glauber (1604–70): His Chemical and Human Philosophy,” Journal of Chemical Education (January 1942): 7.
1. James C. Hill, “Johann Glauber's Discovery of Sodium Sulfate—Sal Mirabile Glauberi,” Journal of Chemical Education 56 (1979): 593–94.
2. Cathy Cobb and Monty L. Fetterolf, The Joy of Chemistry (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2005), chapter 16.
3. Armstrong and Deischer, “Johann Rudolf Glauber (1604–70),” pp. 3–8.
4. Charles Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vols. 1–16 (Detroit: Charles Scribner, 2008), 5:420–23.
5. Cobb and Fetterolf, Joy of Chemistry, chapter 5.
6. Allen G. Debus, “The Paracelsian Aerial Niter,” Isis 55 (1964): 43–61.
7. A Compendium of Alchemical Processes (Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 1993), pp. 15–30.
8. James R. Partington, A History of Chemistry, 4 vols. (London: Macmillan, 1962), 2:255.
9. Compendium of Alchemical Processes, p. 33.
10. Compendium of Alchemical Processes, pp. 63–64.
CHAPTER 19. THE HARVARD ALCHEMISTS—AND THE HONORABLE ROBERT BOYLE BEGINS
* Walter Woodward, Prospero's America: John Winthrop, Jr., Alchemy, and the Creation of New England Culture, 1606–1676 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011), Kindle ed., p. 48.
1. Woodward, Prospero's America, Kindle ed.; Noretta Koertge, ed., New Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vols. 19–25 (Detroit: Charles Scribner, 2008), 25:333–36.
2. Charles Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vols. 1–16 (Detroit: Charles Scribner, 2008), 14:452–53.
3. William R. Newman, Gehennical Fire, The Lives of George Starkey, an American Alchemist in the Scientific Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994), p. 15.
4. Woodward, Prospero's America, p. 159.
5. Gillispie, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 12:616–17.
6. William R. Newman and Lawrence M. Principe, Alchemy Tried in the Fire: Starkey, Boyle, and the Fate of Helmontian Chymistry (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), Kindle ed.
7. William Newman and Isaac Newton, “Newton's Clavis as Starkey's Key,” Isis 78 (1987): 564–74.
8. Koertge, New Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 24:512.
9. William R. Newman, Atoms and Alchemy: Chymistry and the Experimental Origins of the Scientific Revolution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), Kindle ed., locations 109–12 of 3621.
10. Newman and Principe, Alchemy Tried in the Fire, pp. 18–31.
11. Peter J. Forshaw, “The Early Alchemical Reception of John Dee's Monas Hieroglyphica,” AMBIX 52 (2005): 247–69.
12. Newman and Principe, Alchemy Tried in the Fire, pp. 23–24.
13. James R. Partington, A History of Chemistry, 4 vols. (London: Macmillan, 1962), 2:495–512.
CHAPTER 20. ROBERT BOYLE ENDS—AND SO DO WE
* Walter Woodward, Prospero's America: John Winthrop, Jr., Alchemy, and the Creation of New England Culture, 1606–1676 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011), Kindle ed., p. 285.
1. Woodward, Prospero's America, Kindle ed., p. 285.
2. John F. Fulton, “The Honourable Robert Boyle, F. R. S. (1627–1692),” Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 15 (1960): 119–35.
3. James R. Partington, A History of Chemistry, 4 vols. (London: Macmillan, 1962), 2:521.
4. Partington, History of Chemistry, 2:490.
5. Robert Boyle, The Sceptical Chymist (New York: Dover, 2012), Kindle ed., location 3371 of 3429.
6. Partington, History of Chemistry, 2:525.
7. Partington, History of Chemistry, 2:526.
8. Partington, History of Chemistry, 2:528.
9. Partington, History of Chemistry, 2:471.
10. Lawrence Principe, The Aspiring Adept: Robert Boyle and His Alchemical Quest (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998), p. 143.
11. Lawrence M. Principe, The Secrets of Alchemy (Synthesis) (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), Kindle ed., location 3017 of 635.
12. Partington, History of Chemistry, 2:509.
CONCLUSION: ALABASTER AND CLAY
* Bernard Jaffe, Crucibles: The Story of Chemistry from Ancient Alchemy to Nuclear Fission, 4th ed. (New York: Dover, 1976), p. 30.
1. Janet Gleeson, The Arcanum: The Extraordinarily True Story (New York: Warner Books, 1998), pp. 1–140.
2. James R. Partington, A History of Chemistry, 4 vols. (London: Macmillan, 1962), 2:723.
3. Gleeson, Arcanum, p. 142.
4. Encyclopaedia Britannica, online academic edition, s.v. “porcelain,” http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/470524/porcelain (accessed May 9, 2013).
5. Partington, History of Chemistry, p. 723.
6. Gleeson, Arcanum, p. 72.
STORES AND ORES
* Ben Jonson, The Alchemist (New York: Digireads.com, 2011), Kindle ed., p. 32.
The alchemists loved their old books, and so do we. Below are some of our favorite histories of alchemy and chemistry, alchemical works, explications of chemistry, and general and period histories. Enjoy!
HISTORIES OF ALCHEMY
DeVun, L. Prophecy, Alchemy, and the End of Time: John of Rupescissa in the Late Middle Ages. New
York: Columbia University Press, 2009. Kindle edition.
Ebeling, F. The Secret History of Hermes Trismegistus: Hermeticism from Ancient to Modern Times. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2007.
Gleeson, J. The Arcanum: The Extraordinarily True Story. New York: Warner Books, 1998.
Hackett, J., ed. Roger Bacon and the Sciences: Commemorative Essays. Leiden, Neth.: Brill Academic, 1997.
Holmyard, E. J. Alchemy. New York: Dover, 1990. Kindle edition.
Linden, S., ed. Mystical Metal of Gold: Essays on Alchemy and Renaissance Culture. Brooklyn, NY: AMS Press, 2007.
Newman, W. R. Atoms and Alchemy: Chymistry and the Experimental Origins of the Scientific Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006. Kindle edition.
———. Gehennical Fire: The Lives of George Starkey, an American Alchemist in the Scientific Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994.
———. Promethean Ambitions: Alchemy and the Quest to Perfect Nature. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004. Kindle edition.
Newman, W. R., and L. M. Principe. Alchemy Tried in the Fire: Starkey, Boyle, and the Fate of Helmontian Chymistry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. Kindle edition.
Nomanul Haq, S. Names, Natures, and Things: The Alchemist Jābir ibn Hayyān and His Kitāb al-Abjār (Book of Stones). Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1994.
Partington, J. R. A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.
Patai, R. The Jewish Alchemists: A History and Source Book. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994.
Principe, L. M. The Aspiring Adept: Robert Boyle and His Alchemical Quest. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998.
———. The Scientific Revolution: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. Kindle edition.
———. The Secrets of Alchemy (Synthesis). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012. Kindle edition.
Sadoul, J. Alchemists and Gold. Translated by Olga Sieveking. New York: Putnam, 1972.
Stillman, J. M. The Story of Alchemy and Early Chemistry. New York: Dover, 1960.
Szydlo, Z. Water Which Does Not Wet Hands: The Alchemy of Michael Sendivogius. Warsaw, Pol.: Polish Academy of Sciences, 1994.
Taylor, F. S. The Alchemists. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1992.
Thompson, C. J. S. Alchemy and Alchemists. New York: Dover, 2002.
Thorndike, L. A History of Magic and Experimental Science during the First Thirteen Centuries of Our Era. 8 vols. New York: Columbia University Press, 1923.
Woodward, W. Prospero's America: John Winthrop, Jr., Alchemy, and the Creation of New England Culture, 1606–1676. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011.
Woolley, B. The Queen's Conjuror: The Life and Magic of Dr Dee. New York: HarperCollins, 2001. Kindle edition.
HISTORIES OF CHEMISTRY
Brock, W. The Fontana History of Chemistry. London: Fontana Press, 1992.
Cobb, C., and H. Goldwhite. Creations of Fire: Chemistry's Lively History from Alchemy to the Atomic Age. New York: Plenum Press, 1995.
Hudson, J. The History of Chemistry. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1992.
Ihde, A. J. The Development of Modern Chemistry. New York: Dover, 1984.
Jaffe, B. Crucibles: The Story of Chemistry from Ancient Alchemy to Nuclear Fission. 4th ed. New York: Dover, 1976.
Leicester, H. The Historical Background of Chemistry. New York: Dover, 1971.
Partington, J. R. A History of Chemistry. 4 vols. London: Macmillan, 1962.
Salzberg, H. W. From Caveman to Chemist. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1991.
Singer, C. A Short History of Science to the Nineteenth Century. New York: Dover, 1997.
ALCHEMICAL WORKS
Agricola, G. De re metallica. Translated by Herbert Hoover and Lou Hoover. New York: Dover, 1950.
Biringuccio, V. The Pirotechnia of Vannoccio Biringuccio. Translated by Cyril S. Smith and Martha T. Gnudi. New York: Dover, 1990.
Boyle, R. The Sceptical Chymist. New York: Dover, 2012. Kindle edition.
Cotnoir, B. The Weiser Concise Guide to Alchemy. Newburyport, MA: Weiser Books, 2006. Kindle edition.
Holmyard, E. J., and R. Russell. The Works of Geber. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 1942.
Lacinio, G. The New Pearl of Great Price. Charleston, SC: Forgotten Books, 2012.
Newman, W. The Summa Perfectionis of Pseudo-Geber: A Critical Edition, Translation, and Study. Annotated edition. Leiden, Neth.: Brill Academic, 1997.
Trismosin, S. Splendor Solis. Edited by Occultum Lapidem. Translated by “J. K.” London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1920. Kindle edition.
Valentine, B. Triumphal Chariot of Antimony, with Annotations of Theodore Kirkringus. Durham, UK: Aziloth Books, 2013. Kindle edition.
Waite, E. The Hermetic and Alchemical Writings of Paracelsus. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2008.
Wheeler, P. Twelve Keys of Basilius Valentinus. Calgary, AB: Theophania, 2011.
EXPLICATIONS OF CHEMISTRY
Chang, R. Chemistry. 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009.
Cobb, C., and M. L. Fetterolf, Crime Scene Chemistry for the Armchair Sleuth. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2007.
———. The Joy of Chemistry. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2005.
Timberlake, K. C. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life. San Francisco: Benjamin/Cummings, 2002.
GENERAL AND PERIOD HISTORIES
De Longueville, T. The Life of a Conspirator: Being a Biography of Sir Everard Digby by One of His Descendants. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1895. Kindle edition.
Digby, K. The Closet of Sir Kenelm Digby Knight Opened. London: Warner, 1910. Kindle edition.
Frieda, L. Catherine de Medici, Renaissance Queen of France. New York: Harper, 2003.
Harrison, W. The Description of England. New York: Dover, 1968.
Leong, E., and A. Rankin, eds. Secrets and Knowledge in Medicine and Science, 1500–1800. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011.
Marshall, P. The Magic Circle of Rudolf II: Alchemy and Astrology in Renaissance Prague. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2009. Kindle edition.
Roberts, J. M. The Penguin History of the World. New York, Penguin Books, 1990.
Tuchman, B. A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century. New York: Ballantine Books, 1978. Kindle edition.
Wells, H. G. A Short History of the World. New York: Penguin, 2006. Kindle edition.
acetic acid. See acid, acetic
acid, 15, 45, 52, 97, 111, 114, 115–19, 121, 126, 134, 198, 221–22, 227, 229–30, 269, 273–75, 286, 289–90, 293, 299, 301, 304
acetic, 67, 167, 179, 207, 208, 254, 310
hydrochloric, 102, 116, 119, 218, 221, 274
mineral, 111, 115–17, 198, 274
nitric, 116, 117, 119, 134
sulfuric, 116, 117, 119, 230, 274
Adam, Master, 62, 109
Adam of Brescia. See Adam, Master
adept, 56, 71, 149, 176, 212, 214, 239, 284
Africa, 17, 29, 155
Age of Exploration, 156
Agricola, Georgius, 111–13, 115, 124, 148
agriculture, 44, 55, 282
Agrippa, Heinrich, 185
air pump, 296–97, 299, 300
alabaster, 310–11
Albert the Great, 58, 65, 80, 109, 198
alchemical iron, 58, 79, 90
alchemist, 9, 13, 15–18, 21, 24, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 57, 59, 41, 43–46, 48, 49, 50–52, 56–59, 61, 63, 66–69, 70–72, 74–75, 77, 80, 85–89, 90, 93–98, 100–102, 105, 107, 109, 111–19, 121, 123, 128–31, 133–37, 139, 141, 143, 145, 148–50, 152, 154, 158, 160–61, 163, 168–70, 174, 176–77, 179, 181–83, 185–88, 190–91, 193, 195, 198, 200, 203–207, 209, 211–18, 239–41, 243, 250, 252–54, 257–59, 261, 268, 271, 275–77, 280–87, 289, 291, 293, 298, 301, 307–12
definition, 35, 41
Harvard, 281–93
vulgar, 96, 216, 241
, 298, 301
alchemy, 16, 18, 21, 24, 29, 34, 39, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 49, 55–63, 66, 67, 69, 70–72, 74–75, 77, 80, 85–87, 89, 98, 100, 102–105, 107–109, 111, 114, 117, 123–24, 128–29, 135, 141, 143, 146–47, 150–51, 153–54, 158, 160–61, 163, 166, 174–77, 183, 185, 187–91, 193, 197–98, 200, 202–204, 211–12, 215, 217, 226–27, 230–32, 238–41, 244, 246, 248, 259–60, 263–65, 271, 274–76, 280–84, 286, 288–89, 295, 297–98, 300, 307, 311
Christianized, 161
esoteric, 16, 160–61, 210–11, 265, 276
materials, 34, 44, 45, 47, 52, 56, 61, 66, 67, 70, 74, 75, 86, 96, 98, 128, 191, 203, 227, 254, 274, 280, 301, 308, 310
operations, 70, 74, 75
spiritual, 158, 160, 161–62, 211, 217, 221, 259, 260
techniques, 15, 31, 45, 56, 67, 86, 186, 198, 258
Alchemy Tried in the Fire (Newman and Principe), 298
alchymia, 159–60, 240
alchymist, 185
alcohol, 15, 85, 86, 89, 90–93, 109, 123, 147, 168, 193–94, 239, 267, 291, 311
rubbing alcohol, 89, 91, 193, 267, 315, 320
Alderotti, Taddeo, 90
alembic, 89
Alexander the Great, 29, 35, 60
Alexandria, 16, 29–33, 37, 39–41, 44, 78, 111, 169, 268
Alighieri, Dante, 53, 57, 62, 328–29
alkahest, 15, 128, 231, 253
alkali, 15, 96, 218, 255, 299
alkali salts. See salt, alkali
allergen, 23
allergic, 51, 79, 103, 314
alloy, 30, 35, 38, 44, 63, 67, 102, 109, 111, 117–19, 179, 182, 265, 291, 318
Al-Rāzī, Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyyā’. See Rhazes
alum, 75, 154, 194, 195, 208–209, 323
aluminum, 80, 154, 320
aluminum sulfate, 323
amalgam, 35, 44, 179
amalgamation, 102
amino acid, 222
ammonia. See solution, ammonia
ammonical, 218
ammonium chloride, 45, 96, 102, 105, 182, 218–21, 292, 302–305
Amsterdam, 273
analysis, 298
Andreae, Johann Valentin, 259–61
anemia, 86
angel, 72, 73, 75
Anglicanism, 245
Anne of Denmark, Electress of Saxony, 146–49, 194
antacid, 227
Antichrist, 61, 82–84, 93, 132, 150, 204, 311