The Chemistry of Alchemy Page 32

  15. Tonio Sebastian Richter, “What Kind of Alchemy Is Attested by Tenth-Century Coptic Manuscripts?” AMBIX 56 (2009): 23–35.

  16. Thompson, Alchemy and Alchemists, p. 70.

  17. Bernard Jaffe, Crucibles: The Story of Chemistry from Ancient Alchemy to Nuclear Fission, 4th ed. (New York: Dover, 1976), p. 12.

  18. Denis Zachaire and Tenney L. Davis, “The Autobiography of Denis Zachaire: An Account of an Alchemist's Life in the Sixteenth Century,” Isis 8 (1926): 287–99.

  19. Jonson, Alchemist, Kindle ed., p. 10.

  20. Encyclopaedia Britannica, online academic edition, s.v. “Hennig Brand,” http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77626/Hennig-Brand (accessed October 30, 2013).

  21. C. J. van Nieuwenburg, “The Chemical Composition of the Philosopher's Stone,” South African Industrial Chemist (June 1963): 132.

  CHAPTER 7. ROCKY ROMANCE

  * Vannoccio Biringuccio, The Pirotechnia of Vannoccio Biringuccio, translated by Cyril S. Smith and Martha T. Gnudi (New York: Dover, 1990), p. 341.

  1. William Eamon, Science and the Secrets of Nature: Books of Secrets in Medieval and Early Modern Culture (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), p. 106.

  2. Biringuccio, Pirotechnia of Vannoccio Biringuccio, p. xiii.

  3. James R. Partington, A History of Chemistry, 4 vols. (London: Macmillan, 1962), 2:68.

  4. Pamela H. Smith, “What Is a Secret? Secrets and Craft Knowledge in Early Modern Europe,” in Secrets and Knowledge in Medicine and Science, 1500–1800, edited by Elaine Leong and Alisha Rankin (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011), pp. 7–9.

  5. Biringuccio, Pirotechnia of Vannoccio Biringuccio, p. iv.

  6. Charles Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vols. 1–16 (Detroit: Charles Scribner, 2008), 2:215.

  7. Gillispie, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 2:215.

  8. Biringuccio, Pirotechnia of Vannoccio Biringuccio, p. 39.

  9. Biringuccio, Pirotechnia of Vannoccio Biringuccio, pp. 336–37.

  10. Cathy Cobb and Harold Goldwhite, Creations of Fire: Chemistry's Lively History from Alchemy to the Atomic Age (New York: Plenum Press, 1995), p. 103.

  11. Georgius Agricola, De re metallica, translated by Herbert Hoover and Lou Hoover (New York: Dover, 1950), p. xxviii.

  12. Agricola, De re metallica, p. 248.

  13. Gillispie, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 10:95.

  14. Partington, History of Chemistry, 2:23.

  15. “Natural Magick, The Works and Life of John Baptist Porta,” http://faculty.umb.edu/gary_zabel/Courses/Phil%20281b/Philosophy%20of%20Magic/Natural_Magic/jportat5.html (accessed November 8, 2013).

  16. “Natural Magick.”

  CHAPTER 8. PARADIGM, PARADOX: PARACELSUS

  * Eva V. Armstrong and Claude K. Deischer, “Johann Rudolf Glauber (1604–70): His Chemical and Human Philosophy,” Journal of Chemical Education (January 1942): 3.

  1. James R. Partington, A History of Chemistry, 4 vols. (London: Macmillan, 1962), 2:123.

  2. Partington, History of Chemistry, 2:118.

  3. Lynn Thorndike, A History of Magic and Experimental Science during the First Thirteen Centuries of Our Era, 8 vols. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1923), 5:152.

  4. Lou Tice, Personal Coaching for Results (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1997), pp. 157–59.

  5. “Paracelsus—Biography,” European Graduate School, http://www.egs.edu/library/paracelsus/biography/ (accessed April 4, 2014).

  6. Partington, History of Chemistry, 2:120.

  7. William R. Newman, Promethean Ambitions: Alchemy and the Quest to Perfect Nature, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), Kindle ed., locations 2523–24 of 5059.

  8. Michael Stolberg, “A Woman Down to Her Bones: The Anatomy of Sexual Difference in the Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries,” Isis 94 (2003): 274–99; Leah DeVun, “The Jesus Hermaphrodite: Science and Sex Difference in Premodern Europe,” Journal of the History of Ideas 69 (2008): 193–218.

  9. Thorndike, History of Magic and Experimental Science, 5:628.

  10. Partington, History of Chemistry, 2:134.

  11. Charles Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vols. 1–16 (Detroit: Charles Scribner, 2008), 10:304–13.

  12. William Eamon, Science and the Secrets of Nature: Books of Secrets in Medieval and Early Modern Culture (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), p. 177.

  13. Gillispie, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 10:308.

  14. Mary Elvira Weeks, “An Exhibit of Chemical Substances Mentioned in the Bible,” Journal of Chemical Education (February 1943): 65.

  15. Newman, Promethean Ambitions, Kindle locations 2302–2308 of 5059; Gillispie, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 10:41.

  16. Partington, History of Chemistry, 2:131.

  17. Edward Waite, The Hermetic and Alchemical Writings of Paracelsus (Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2008), p. 124.

  18. Newman, Promethean Ambitions, Kindle locations 2835–43 of 5059.

  19. Newman, Promethean Ambitions, Kindle location 2842 of 5059.

  PART 3. ALCHEMICAL RENAISSANCE

  CHAPTER 9. PARACELSIAN WOMEN

  * Penny Bayer, “Lady Margaret Clifford's Alchemical Receipt Book and the John Dee Circle,” AMBIX 52 (2005): 275.

  1. Tara Nummedal, “Alchemical Reproduction and the Career of Anna Maria Zieglerin,” AMBIX 48 (2001): 57.

  2. James R. Partington, A History of Chemistry, 4 vols. (London: Macmillan, 1962), 1:169.

  3. Penny Bayer, “From Kitchen Hearth to Learned Paracelsianism: Women and Alchemy in the Renaissance,” in Mystical Metal of Gold: Essays on Alchemy and Renaissance Culture, edited by Stanson Linden (Brooklyn, NY: AMS Press, 2007), pp. 365–86.

  4. Bayer, “From Kitchen Hearth to Learned Paracelsianism,” p. 374.

  5. Bayer, “Lady Margaret Clifford's Alchemical Receipt Book and the John Dee Circle,” pp. 271–84.

  6. Bayer, “Lady Margaret Clifford's Alchemical Receipt Book,” p. 377.

  7. William Eamon, “How to Read a Book of Secrets,” in Secrets and Knowledge in Medicine and Science, 1500–1800, edited by Elaine Leong and Alisha Rankin (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011), p. 28.

  8. William Eamon, Science and the Secrets of Nature: Books of Secrets in Medieval and Early Modern Culture (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), p. 164.

  9. Alisha Rankin, “Becoming an Expert Practitioner: Court Experimentalism and the Medical Skills of Anna of Saxony (1532–1585),” Isis 98 (2007): 23–53.

  10. Tara Nummedal, “Anna Zieglerin's Alchemical Revelations,” in Leong and Rankin, Secrets and Knowledge in Medicine and Science, pp. 125–41.

  11. Nummedal, “Alchemical Reproduction and the Career of Anna Maria Zieglerin,” pp. 56–68.

  12. Bayer, “From Kitchen Hearth to Learned Paracelsianism,” p. 372.

  13. Nummedal, “Alchemical Reproduction and the Career of Anna Maria Zieglerin,” p. 61.

  CHAPTER 10. PARACELSIAN MEN

  * Archibald Geike, “The Founders of Geology,” in The George Huntington Williams Memorial Lectures on the Principles of Geology, vol. 1 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1901), p. 6.

  1. Arthur E. Waite, The Hermetic and Alchemical Writings of Paracelsus, 2 vols. (Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2008), 1:279.

  2. Waite, Hermetic and Alchemical Writings of Paracelsus, 2:330.

  3. Charles Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vols. 1–16 (Detroit: Charles Scribner, 2008), 4:170.

  4. James R. Partington, A History of Chemistry, 4 vols. (London: Macmillan, 1962), 2:247.

  5. Peter J. Forshaw, “‘Paradoxes, Absurdities, and Madness’: Conflict over Alchemy, Magic and Medicine in the Works of Andreas Libavius and Heinrich Khunrath,” Early Science and Medicine 13 (2008): 65.

  6. Forshaw, “Paradoxes, Absurdities, and Madness,” p. 76.

  7. Partington, History of Chemistry, 2:176.

  8. Forshaw, “Paradoxes, Absurdities, a
nd Madness,” p. 81.

  9. O. P. Grell, “The Reception of Paracelsianism in Early Modern Lutheran Denmark: From Peter Severinus, the Dane, to Ole Worm,” Medical History 39 (1995): 78–94.

  10. Partington, History of Chemistry, 2:177.

  11. Partington, History of Chemistry, 2:177.

  CHAPTER 11. CHARLATANS AND CHICANERY

  * Charles Sheffield, Borderlands of Science (Riverdale, NY: Baen, 1999), p. 111.

  1. Edgar H. Duncan, “The Literature of Alchemy and Chaucer's Canon's Yeoman's Tale: Framework, Theme, and Characters,” Speculum 43 (1968): 636.

  2. Duncan, “The Literature of Alchemy and Chaucer's Canon's Yeoman's Tale,” pp. 636–37.

  3. Vladimir Karpenko, “The Chemistry and Metallurgy of Transmutation,” AMBIX 39 (1992): 49.

  4. Benjamin Woolley, The Queen's Conjuror: The Life and Magic of Dr Dee (New York: HarperCollins, 2001), Kindle ed., location 1839 of 5743.

  5. Woolley, Queen's Conjuror, Kindle location 200 of 5743.

  6. Charles Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vols. 1–16 (Detroit: Charles Scribner, 2008), 4:5–6; Nicholas H. Clulee, “The Monas Hieroglyphica and the Alchemical Thread of John Dee's Career,” AMBIX 52 (2005): 197–215.

  7. Woolley, Queen's Conjuror, Kindle location 1833 of 5743.

  8. Penny Bayer, “Lady Margaret Clifford's Alchemical Receipt Book and the John Dee Circle,” AMBIX 52 (2005): 271–84.

  9. Woolley, Queen's Conjuror, Kindle location 3957 of 5743.

  10. Woolley, Queen's Conjuror, Kindle location 250 of 5743.

  11. Hilde Norrgrén, “John Dee's Reading of Pantheus's Voarchadumia,” AMBIX 52 (2005): 217–45.

  12. Woolley, Queen's Conjuror, Kindle location 3775 of 5743.

  13. C. J. S. Thompson, Alchemy and Alchemists (New York: Dover, 2002), p. 155.

  14. Thompson, Alchemy and Alchemists, p. 180.

  15. Kevin D. Hufford, “Summer Chemistry for Fun,” Journal of Chemical Education 61 (1984): 427–28.

  16. Thompson, Alchemy and Alchemists, p. 156.

  17. Bernard Jaffe, Crucibles: The Story of Chemistry from Ancient Alchemy to Nuclear Fission, 4th ed. (New York: Dover, 1976), p. 12.

  18. Woolley, Queen's Conjuror, Kindle location 3871 of 574.

  CHAPTER 12. WHAT CAN YOU DO WITH A DEGREE IN ALCHEMY?

  * Henry Cornelius Agrippa, The Vanity of Arts and Sciences (1530; repr., Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2010), p. 5.

  1. Encyclopaedia Britannica, online academic edition, s.v. “Bartolomé de Medina,” http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/372582/Bartolome-de-Medina (accessed September 6, 2013).

  2. Leonie Frieda, Catherine de Medici, Renaissance Queen of France (New York: Harper, 2003), p. 216.

  3. Frieda, Catherine de Medici, p. 216.

  4. Honore de Balzac, Catherine de Medici (Ashland, OH: BookMasters, 2001), Kindle ed., location 3437 of 4322.

  5. Cathy Cobb, “The Chemistry of Lucrezia Borgia et al.,” in Characters in Chemistry: A Celebration of the Humanity of Chemistry, edited by Gary D. Patterson and Seth C. Rasmussen (Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2013), pp. 61–73.

  6. Jonathan Hughes, “The Humanity of Thomas Charnock, an Elizabethan Alchemist,” in Mystical Metal of Gold: Essays on Alchemy and Renaissance Culture, edited by Stanson Linden (Brooklyn, NY: AMS Press, 2007), p. 368.

  7. Janet Gleeson, The Arcanum: The Extraordinarily True Story (New York: Warner Books, 1998), p. 69.

  8. Gleeson, Arcanum, p. 44.

  9. James R. Partington, A History of Chemistry, 4 vols. (London: Macmillan, 1962), 2:69.

  10. Charles Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vols. 1–16 (Detroit: Charles Scribner, 2008), 11:280–81.

  11. William R. Newman, Promethean Ambitions: Alchemy and the Quest to Perfect Nature, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), Kindle ed., location 2032 of 5059.

  12. Lawrence M. Principe, The Secrets of Alchemy (Synthesis) (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), Kindle ed., location 2478 of 6359.

  13. Cobb, “Chemistry of Lucrezia Borgia et al.,” pp. 61–73.

  14. A. J. Liebmann, “History of Distillation,” Journal of Chemical Education 33 (1958): 166.

  15. Cathy Cobb and Harold Goldwhite, Creations of Fire (New York: Plenum Press, 1995), p. 10.

  CHAPTER 13. RENAISSANCE ALCHEMICAL AUTHORS

  * Philip Wheeler, Twelve Keys of Basilius Valentinus (Calgary, AB: Theophania, 2011), p. 7.

  1. Charles Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vols. 1–16 (Detroit: Charles Scribner, 2008), 25:396–98.

  2. James R. Partington, A History of Chemistry, 4 vols. (London: Macmillan, 1962), 2:153.

  3. Gillispie, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 1:558–60.

  4. Partington, History of Chemistry, p. 195.

  5. Partington, History of Chemistry, p. 199.

  6. Partington, History of Chemistry, p. 196.

  7. Lawrence M. Principe, The Secrets of Alchemy (Synthesis) (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), Kindle ed., locations 2624–31 of 6359.

  8. Wheeler, Twelve Keys of Basilius Valentinus, p. 7.

  9. Wheeler, Twelve Keys of Basilius Valentinus, p. 9.

  10. William Brock, The Fontana History of Chemistry (London: Fontana Press, 1992), p. 19.

  11. Basil Valentine, Triumphal Chariot of Antimony, with Annotations of Theodore Kirkringus (Durham, UK: Aziloth Books, 2013), Kindle ed., location 663 of 2514.

  CHAPTER 14. SENDIVOGIUS AND RUDOLF—FIRE AND SALT

  * C. J. S. Thompson, Alchemy and Alchemists (New York: Dover, 2002), p. 191.

  1. E. J. Holmyard, Alchemy (New York: Dover, 2012), Kindle edition, p. 237; Peter Marshall, The Magic Circle of Rudolf II: Alchemy and Astrology in Renaissance Prague (New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2009), Kindle edition.

  2. Charles Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vols. 1–16 (Detroit: Charles Scribner, 2008), 12:306–308.

  3. Stanton Linden, “Jonson and Sendivogius: Some New Light on Mercury Vindicated from the Alchemists at Court,” AMBIX 24 (1977): 39–54.

  4. Allen G. Debus, “The Paracelsian Aerial Niter,” Isis 55 (1964): 43–61.

  5. Zbigniew Szydlo, Water Which Does Not Wet Hands: The Alchemy of Michael Sendivogius (Warsaw, Pol.: Polish Academy of Sciences, 1994), opening quote.

  6. Gillispie, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 12:307.

  7. Debus, “Paracelsian Aerial Niter,” pp. 43–61.

  8. Debus, “Paracelsian Aerial Niter,” p. 49.

  9. Szydlo, Water Which Does Not Wet Hands, p. 112.

  10. Many thanks to Tara Bostwick of Bostwick Stables, in Aiken, South Carolina, and Aiken Educational Services.

  11. Szydlo, Water Which Does Not Wet Hands, opening quote.

  12. James R. Partington, A History of Chemistry, 4 vols. (London: Macmillan, 1962), 2:428.

  CHAPTER 15. JOHANNES VAN HELMONT—THE ART OF FIRE

  * James R. Partington, A History of Chemistry, 4 vols. (London: Macmillan, 1962), 2:211.

  1. Noretta Koertge, ed., New Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vols. 19–25 (Detroit: Charles Scribner, 2008), 21:277–81.

  2. “Rules for Thinking, Judging, and Feeling with the Church: Excerpt from the ‘Regula Sancti Michaelis’ (Constitution) of the Legion of St. Michael,” Saint-Mike.org, http://saint-mike.org/library/rule/excerpts/rules_orthodoxy.html (accessed November 14, 2013).

  3. Partington, History of Chemistry, 2:219.

  4. Charles Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vols. 1–16 (Detroit: Charles Scribner, 2008), 6:254.

  5. Partington, History of Chemistry, 2:227.

  6. F. Sherwood Taylor, The Alchemists (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1992), p 134.

  7. Gillispie, Dictionary Scientific Biography, 6:253–59.

  8. Partington, History of Chemistry, 2:242.

  9. Partington, History of Chemistry, 2:232–33.

  PART 4. THOROUGHLY MODERN ALCHEMY


  INTRODUCTION TO PART 4: FULL-BLOWN ALCHEMY

  1. Zbigniew Szydlo, Water Which Does Not Wet Hands: The Alchemy of Michael Sendivogius (Warsaw, Pol.: Polish Academy of Sciences, 1994), p. 24.

  2. Cathy Cobb and Harold Goldwhite, Creations of Fire: Chemistry's Lively History from Alchemy to the Atomic Age (New York: Plenum Press, 1995), p. 83.

  3. William Newman and Lawrence Principe, “Alchemy vs. Chemistry: The Etymological Origins of a Historiographic Mistake,” Early Science and Medicine 3 (1998): 32–65.

  4. James R. Partington, A History of Chemistry, 4 vols. (London: Macmillan, 1962), 2:369.

  CHAPTER 16. DIGBY AND DREBBLE—SOMETHING IN THE AIR

  * James R. Partington, A History of Chemistry, 4 vols. (London: Macmillan, 1962), 2:425.

  1. Thomas De Longueville, The Life of a Conspirator: Being a Biography of Sir Everard Digby by One of His Descendants (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1895), Kindle ed., location 202 of 5045.

  2. Charles Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vols. 1–16 (Detroit: Charles Scribner, 2008), 3:95–96.

  3. Anne Macdonell, introduction to The Closet of Sir Kenelm Digby Knight Opened, by Kenelm Digby (London: Warner, 1910), Kindle ed., locations 23–530 of 4020.

  4. E. J. Holmyard, Alchemy (New York: Dover, 1990), Kindle ed., pp. 209–16.

  5. Digby, Closet of Sir Kenelm Digby Knight Opened.

  6. Partington, History of Chemistry, 2:424.

  7. Macdonell, introduction to Digby, Closet of Sir Kenelm Digby Knight Opened, Kindle location 208 of 4020.

  8. Macdonell, introduction to Digby, Closet of Sir Kenelm Digby Knight Opened, Kindle location 259 of 4020.

  9. Holmyard, Alchemy, pp. 209–15.

  10. Macdonell, introduction to Digby, Closet of Sir Kenelm Digby Knight Opened, Kindle location 259 of 4020.

  11. Macdonell, introduction to Digby, Closet of Sir Kenelm Digby Knight Opened, Kindle location 283 of 4020.

  12. Macdonell, introduction to Digby, Closet of Sir Kenelm Digby Knight Opened, Kindle location 299 of 4020.

  13. Partington, History of Chemistry, 2:425.

  14. Gillispie, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 4:183–85.

  15. Cathy Cobb and Harold Goldwhite, Creations of Fire: Chemistry's Lively History from Alchemy to the Atomic Age (New York: Plenum Press, 1995), p. 114.