The Chemistry of Alchemy Page 35
invisible college, 282
ion, 167, 134, 135, 167, 289
Iran, 45
iron, 44, 46, 58, 93, 96, 109, 166, 179, 181, 198, 203, 278–79, 280, 299
iron, alchemical, 58, 79, 80
iron, salts, 278, 280
iron(II) sulfate, 116
iron(III) sulfate, 116
iron compounds, 86
iron mine, 180
iron pyrite, 75
iron squames, 77
iron sulfate, 151
I Secreti (Cortese), 146
Islamic, 17, 41–51, 55, 58, 61, 70, 76, 93, 94, 169, 192, 218, 252, 268
Islamic empire, 41, 45, 47, 55, 61, 69, 192
isopropyl alcohol. See rubbing alcohol
Italy, 69, 108, 111, 187, 191
Jabir, 27, 41, 43–47, 70, 93, 135, 268
Jabirian problem, 43
Jabirians, 41, 43, 44, 45–47, 93, 135
James I (king), 82, 243–45
Jesuit, 225, 231, 243–44, 263–66, 269, 297
Jesus, 56, 58, 81, 225, 263
Jew, 31, 32, 38, 55, 61, 127, 135, 153
jewelry, 11, 117–19, 182, 318
Jewish, 17, 61, 135, 153
John of Bassigny, 83
John XXII (pope), 69, 81
Jonson, Ben, 21, 93, 100, 313
Judaism, 55
Jupiter, 49, 75
kaolin clay, 310
karat, 30, 38, 117–18, 182, 318
Kelly, Edward, 170–75, 180, 211, 215
kerotakis, 32
Khunrath, Heinrich, 161
King of the Arabs (Geber), 27, 72
Kircher, Athanasius, 257, 263–66, 286
kitchen, 17, 22, 51, 104, 143, 247, 297
knight, 55, 72, 244, 245
Koran, 43
Krohnemann, 175–76, 179
Kunckel, Johann Laskaris, 307
Kunstbüchlein, 108, 112
lab coat, 24, 315
lab notebook, 321
laboratory, 15, 16, 22, 23, 158, 160, 163, 170, 187–88, 198, 220–21, 248, 264, 284, 286, 297, 307, 309, 311, 312, 317
laborer, 107, 147, 225, 271
labware, 313, 316, 318
Lady Clifford, Countess of Cumberland, 143, 145, 173
latex, 314
Latino, 155
Latins, 47, 55
Lavoisier, Antoine, 218, 257, 300, 301
laxative, 142, 155–56, 227, 273
leachate, 207, 220–21
lead, 17, 39, 44–46, 62, 64, 65, 75, 81, 93, 117, 158, 197, 203, 212, 274, 275, 307, 308, 318
Leipzig, 112, 215
lemon, 120, 244, 275, 304
Levant, 41
li (“as for myself”), 45
Libavius, Andreas, 158–64, 166–67, 174, 261
lignum nephriticum, 268–69, 322
Linus, Franciscus, 297
lion's blood, 149–50, 156, 193, 263
liqueur, 85, 149
litmus paper, 116, 207, 323
lixivium, 207
London Trinity College, 281
Lorenzo, 185, 187
Loyola, Saint Ignatius of, 225
Lull, Raymond, 71
Luna, 75, 78, 80
Luther, Martin, 125, 127
Lutheran, 158, 259
lye, 178, 180, 206–207, 255, 273, 323
magic, 15–16, 19, 62, 87, 113–14, 120, 130, 135, 150, 156, 161–62, 172, 182, 189, 198, 262, 259, 283–84, 289, 309
magick, 117, 113
Magistery of the Art of Alchemy (Scot), 62
magistral, 187
magnetic cure, 231
magnifying glass, 266–67, 299, 309, 319
Maier, Michael, 260, 262
malachite, 67
malaria, 239
Mamugna, 170
Manrique, Donna Anna Maria, 245
manure, 149, 219–23
marble chip, 121, 319
Marco Polo, 189, 309
“Margaret Manuscript, The,” 145, 146, 173
Maria, Henrietta (queen), 246, 248
Mars, 75, 202–203, 299
marshland, 251
Mary, Queen of Scots, 172
Mary the Jew, 31–34, 46
mass, conservation of, 228–29
Massachusetts Bay Colony, 281, 295
Mather, Cotton, 285
Medici, Caterina de, 187–90
Medici, Ferdinand di, 198
medicine, 15, 16, 44–47, 49, 55, 56, 61, 67, 75, 77, 78, 85–88, 90, 98, 108, 112, 124–28, 130, 141–42, 145, 147, 155–58, 160, 163, 166, 182, 185, 188, 198, 201–202, 211, 226, 232, 239–40, 253, 258–61, 264–65, 268–69, 271, 275, 281–84, 288–89, 295, 312
first, second, and third order, 375
Medina, Bartholomew, 185, 187
Mediterranean, 29, 34, 245
mendicant, 57, 58, 72, 81, 169
mercuric oxide salt, 101
mercury, 17, 18, 35, 44–50, 62, 65, 70, 75–78, 88, 96–98, 101, 102, 109, 114, 126–28, 142, 143, 156, 158, 169, 174, 179, 185, 187, 250, 274, 275, 288, 295, 297, 298, 301, 302
mercury, philosophical. See philosophical mercury
mercury, switch, 49, 50
mercury/sulfur, 48–52, 70, 102
metal, base, 30, 32, 93, 112, 158, 182, 275
metallurgist, 55, 107, 200, 216, 227, 271
metallurgy, 108, 185, 200, 264, 282
metals, seven, 44, 75
metalworking, 30, 216, 273
mine, 15, 59, 107–21, 124, 126, 130, 176, 187, 197, 201, 227, 230
mineral, 32, 44, 59, 67, 95, 96, 111–17, 127, 130, 143, 155–57, 160, 182, 185, 192, 198, 201–202, 209, 226–27, 274–75, 310
mineral, sulfide, 44, 201
mineral acids, 111, 115–17, 198, 274
miraculum mundi, 274
mirror, 24, 105, 119, 146, 267, 309, 315
Monas Hieroglyphica (Dee), 291
monastery, 57, 107, 197, 202, 259, 291
Mongol, 85
Moor, 47
mordant, 194, 250
mosaic gold, 49
Muhammad, 55
Munich, 212
Muslim, 61, 85, 127
mysticism, 16, 44, 71, 142, 156, 158, 161, 167, 200, 201, 203–206, 217, 225–26, 234, 240–41, 248, 257–59, 261, 263, 265
Naples, 113, 176
Natural Magick (della Porta), 113–14, 120, 226
neutralize, 178, 181, 207, 221, 289, 292, 304–305
New Chemical Medicine Invented by Paracelsus, 163
Newe Jewell of Health, 144
New England, 280–81, 284
New London, 282
Newman, William, 67, 77, 78, 127, 291–92, 298
New Philosophical Furnaces (Glauber), 274
Newton, Sir Isaac, 16, 71, 167, 286–87, 300, 301
New World, 124, 226, 239, 269, 281, 283
Nile, 31
niter, 217–19, 274, 299
central, 216
our, 217
nitric acid. See acid, nitric
nitrogen oxides, 229
nomenclature, 97
nonstick skillet, 37, 315
Normans, Christian, 61
nugget, copper, 29
nugget, gold, 66, 105
Nummedal, Tara, 143, 148, 151
Nuremberg, 108
occult, 87, 88, 109, 142, 147, 155, 172, 201, 264
Of the Sum of Perfection (Geber), 69–80, 96
Of the Sum of Perfection; or, Of the Perfect Magistery (Geber), 74
Oporinus, 127
opt-out clause, 275
Ottoman Empire, 163
Ourobouros, 25
oven mitts, 50, 52, 65, 152, 153, 180, 206, 254, 314
Oxford University, 244, 297
oxidation, 50, 134, 274
oxide, 66, 75, 104, 105, 153, 319
oxidize, 135, 280
oxygen, 50, 66, 101, 105, 116, 135, 216, 218, 223–24, 234–35, 246, 250–51, 257, 264–65, 268, 274, 299, 300, 301, 319
pagan, 127, 132–33, 142, 241, 261, 283r />
paint, 67, 68, 265, 284
painter, 15, 55, 67, 189
painting, 18, 62
Palatinate, 176
palingenesis, 136, 143, 246, 302
Palissy, Bernard, 188–90, 194, 204, 309
Panopolis, 27, 29, 31
papyri, Leyden, 30, 78
papyri, Stockholm, 30
Paracelsian, 131, 136–37, 141–43, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153–63, 169, 173, 188, 225–26, 231, 247, 260–61, 265, 275, 288
compromise, 286, 292
medicine, 142, 156, 157, 159, 161–63, 260
Paracelsus, 42, 56, 121, 123–37, 141–42, 146, 148, 155–58, 160–63, 167–68, 179, 198, 200, 201, 226–27, 231–32, 245, 260–61, 275, 283, 301, 311
Paris, 58, 190
parting gold. See gold, parting
Partington, J. R., 31, 123, 125, 135, 160, 167–68, 198, 200–202, 232, 241, 250, 253, 355
parts per million (ppm), 40
patina, 15, 67
Paul, 83, 132–33
Paul of Taranto, 69–72
peacock's tail, 98, 101–105, 182, 311
pearls, 167–68, 226
penny, 36–38, 64, 65, 79, 80, 180–81
percolator, 192–93, 233
perfume, 109, 146, 185, 187–88, 191–92, 198, 239, 284
perfumer, 187, 192
perpetual motion, 185, 249, 250, 264
Peru, 239
pesticides, 239, 282
Petreius, Johannes, 108
Petrucci family, 108, 109
pewter, 102–105, 109, 313, 318
pharmacopeia, 162, 239
phenol, 274
Philalethes, Eirenaeus, 284, 286, 300
philosopher, 31, 32, 34, 225, 248
philosopher, Greek, 45
philosopher, natural, 15, 240–41, 257, 310
philosopher, of fire, 16
philosophers’ stone, 15, 46, 47, 61, 74, 86, 88, 92, 93–105, 114, 128, 141, 145, 149, 150–52, 154, 160, 169, 174, 190, 201, 215–16, 230, 239–41, 253, 258, 264, 275, 284, 297–98, 300, 307
philosophical mercury, 76, 298
philosophical sulfur, 76
phlegm, 46, 124
phoenix, 308
phosphorus, 99, 100, 223
pickling lime, 79, 208, 255, 320
pigment, 49, 64, 66–68, 96, 98, 118, 126, 185, 191, 234, 241, 269
pirate, 16, 243, 245, 257
Pirotechnia (Biringuccio), 108, 109, 240, 333, 347
placebo, 126, 201, 275
plagiarism, 86, 129–30
plague, 69, 82, 83, 86, 87, 112, 156, 215, 227, 239
Plague, Children's, 87
plant food, 223
Poe, Edgar Allen, 216
poison, 88, 93, 96, 127, 142, 150, 155–56, 161, 188, 192, 194, 201, 226, 230, 264, 286, 307
poisoning, mercury, 127
Poland, 213–15, 308
pool-chloride test kit, 220–21, 319
pope, 57, 60, 62, 69, 81–83, 85, 108, 141, 226
porcelain, 65, 66, 188–90, 207, 307, 309–11, 316
portable burner, 316
portrait, 128, 145, 211
Portugal, 226
potassium hydroxide, 207
potter, 15, 55, 188–90, 233, 279, 311
Potter, Harry. See Harry Potter
powder of projection, 145, 174, 177, 182–83, 200, 212, 215, 230, 308
powder of sympathy, 245, 247
ppm (parts per million), 40
Prague, 174, 211, 215, 249, 250
pre-alchemist, 29–31, 313
priest, 58, 62, 169, 170, 243
prima material, 227, 274
Principe, Lawrence, 97, 201–203, 253, 291–92, 298, 316
printer, 100, 107, 108, 125, 130, 198, 199
printing press, 56, 96, 107, 199
pristine state, reduction to the, 288–91
Protestant, 112, 124, 188, 190, 239, 243–44, 257, 281
Promethean Ambitions (Newman), 67
proof by analogy, 74, 109, 154
proof by authority, 94, 149
prophecy, 83–85, 198
Prussia, 177, 196, 308
pseudepigraphy, 70, 72
pseudonym, 70, 94, 300
purging, 15, 124, 142, 157, 272, 275, 283
Puritan, 247, 280–84
Pyrex, 23, 51, 182, 316–18
pyrotechnic, 231
Quercetanus. See du Chesne, Joseph
Quercitan. See du Chesne, Joseph
quicksilver, 41, 44, 48, 49, 78, 96, 230–31
quintessence, 81, 86, 87, 114–16, 137, 263
quintessence, of wheat, 263
Ranelagh, Lady, 295, 297, 302
recipe, 17, 18, 29, 30, 45, 49, 67, 70, 74–79, 86, 95–97, 108, 114, 128–29, 136, 145–47, 152–53, 156, 160, 168, 170, 177, 179, 193, 201, 203–204, 208, 215, 217–18, 246, 253, 258, 264, 275, 286, 291, 300, 311
reduce, 135, 179, 189, 289
reduction, 134, 274
reduction to the pristine state, 288–91
Reformation, 112, 124, 141, 157, 211, 225
Renaissance, 15, 56, 71, 108, 111–13, 126, 123, 130, 133, 143, 146–47, 152–53, 170, 172, 174–75, 185, 187–89, 190, 192, 195, 198–99, 204, 228, 230, 239–40
René, Maître, 187–88, 192–93
retort, 116, 256, 317
Rhazes, 45
ripening, 34, 154
Roman Catholic Church, 55, 57
Roman Celsus, 124
Roman Empire, 147
root killer, 64, 67–68, 151–52, 165, 322, 324
Rosencreutz, Christian, 258–59, 281
Rosenkreuz. See Rosencreutz, Christian
Rosicrucian, 258–61
Royal Navy, 250–51
Royal Society, 248, 282
rubbing alcohol, 89, 91, 193, 267, 315, 320
Rudolf II (emperor), 139, 161, 174–75, 211–13, 215–17, 219, 221, 223, 227, 249–50, 260–61
Ruggiero, Count de. See Caetano, Domenico
Rupescissa, John of, 81–87, 105, 132, 231, 311
rust, 166, 182, 187, 206, 280, 324
rust colored, 229
safety, 18, 21–24, 51, 90, 117, 313–15
safety glasses, 37, 50, 51, 65, 67, 79, 91, 102, 103, 105, 117, 120, 133, 136, 151, 166, 180, 206, 208, 223–24, 234, 254–56, 267–68, 278, 290, 292, 304, 305
safety matches, 91, 320
sage, 27, 94, 201, 202
sal alkali, 96
sal ammoniac, 45, 102, 105, 182–83, 217–21, 292, 304, 305, 319
sal mirabile, 273–76
sal nitrum, 96
salt, 15, 29, 39, 40, 46, 67, 75, 77–79, 86, 90, 96, 101–102, 116–17, 119, 128, 134, 137, 142, 179–81, 183, 200, 216–23, 230, 234, 247, 253–54, 267–68, 273–74, 278, 288, 290, 292–93, 299, 301, 304
salt, acid, 304
salt, alkali, 299
salt, base, 304
salt, calcium, 310
salt, iron, 278, 280
salt, neutral, 304
salt, niter, 219
salt, sodium chloride, 75, 116, 119, 217, 267–68, 274, 278, 290, 292–93, 304, 327
salt, table. See salt, sodium chloride
salt, tin, 86
salt, tribes, 304
salt, vinegar and, 37, 67, 79, 180–81
salt of tartar, 253–54
saltpeter, 75, 117, 119, 216–18, 220, 222–24, 230, 240, 246, 248, 251, 257, 261, 265, 267–68, 273–75, 278–79, 283, 290, 292, 299, 304
saltpeter, philosophers’, 222
saltwater, 34, 40, 90
salt works, 282
Saturn, 75, 202
Saxony, 146–48, 158, 200, 212, 308, 312
Sceptical Chymist, The (Boyle), 301
Schult, Hans, 162
Scot, Michael, 61, 62
Scotland, 212, 214
scribe, 96
script, gold and silver, 151–53
scriptorium, 57
seashell, 121, 167–68, 310, 319
second comin
g, 61, 240
Secret of Secrets (Aristotle), 60
Secrets, The (Cortese), 146
Secrets and Knowledge of Science and Medicine (Leong and Rankin), 49
Secrets of Alchemy (Synthesis), The (Principe), 202, 286, 316
Secretum Secretorum (Aristotle), 60
semen, 136
Sendivogius, Michael, 209, 211–20, 222–24, 230, 240, 246, 248, 250, 257, 259, 260, 265, 274
Sennert, Daniel, 288–92, 298
Seton, Alexander, 212–16
seven metals, 44
Severinus, Petrus, 155–57
shop talk, 204
show stone, 172
Siena, 62, 108, 109
signatures, doctrine of, 125–26, 157, 160–61, 190, 289
silver, 15, 21, 29, 30, 32, 44, 51, 58, 62, 69, 70, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 86, 93, 96, 98, 101–102, 104–105, 107, 109, 111–14, 118–19, 128, 132–34, 143, 145–46, 151, 153, 156, 166, 170, 179–81, 185, 187, 198, 216, 226, 246, 259, 273, 289, 290–91
silver, salt, 102, 119, 134
silversmith, 133
silver solution. See solution, silver
similars, doctrine of, 125, 157, 160, 247, 275
skryers, 172, 177
slaves, 232, 245
Smith, Pamela, 49
Society of Jesus, 263–69
sodium hydroxide, 178, 180–81, 207, 304, 323
sodium sulfate decahydrate, 272–73, 276
solution, 75, 78, 80, 97, 98, 137, 198, 226, 251, 299, 318
acid, 118
amethyst, 293
ammonia, 166–67, 221, 304–305, 320
aquarium-pH-lowering, 117, 118, 119, 220, 268, 278, 290, 293, 321
blue, 119
caustic, 80
copper(II) sulfate, 165–66, 324
gold, 118–19, 289, 290
gray-green, 278
homogenous, 80
hydroxide, 178, 180–81, 304
lignum nephriticum, 269
lye, 180, 206–207, 255, 273, 323
root killer, 64
salt and vinegar, 37, 67, 79, 180–81
saltpeter, 222
silver, 134, 321
sodium silicate, 154, 278, 319
vinegar, 305
yellow, 119
solvent, 91, 142, 247
universal, 15, 128, 231
Sommering, Philipp, 148
spagyria, 128
Spain, 56, 153, 187, 269
Spanish Inquisition. See Inquisition
spirit, 32, 39, 44, 85, 116, 216–18, 223, 229, 234, 250, 254, 257, 274
spirit of salt, 116
spirits, 172, 173–75
spiritual. See alchemy, spiritual
spiritualist, 170, 172, 176
spirituals, 81–83, 85
spiritus sylvestre, 229, 234
spiritus universalis, 274
splint, 201, 217, 234, 319
stainless-steel skillet, 37, 315
Stalbridge, 244
Stanley, Venetia Anastasia, 244–45, 248
Starkey, George, 284, 286–87, 292, 297–98, 300
Star Trek (TV series), 252
steel wool, 165–66, 278, 292–93, 315, 321, 324